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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blockade runner</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by Jules Verne, see <a href="The_Blockade_Runners" title="The Blockade Runners">The Blockade Runners</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>blockade runner</b> is a <a href="Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">merchant vessel</a> used for evading a naval <a href="Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of a <a href="Port" title="Port">port</a> or <a href="Strait" title="Strait">strait</a>. It is usually light and fast, using stealth and speed rather than confronting the blockaders in order to break the blockade. Blockade runners usually transport cargo, for example bringing food or arms to a blockaded city. They have also carried mail in an attempt to communicate with the outside world.

</p><p>Blockade runners are often the fastest ships available, and come lightly armed and armored. Their operations are quite risky since blockading fleets would not hesitate to fire on them. However, the potential profits (economically or militarily) from a successful blockade run are tremendous, so blockade-runners typically had excellent crews. Although having <i><a href="Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a></i> similar to that of <a href="Smugglers" class="mw-redirect" title="Smugglers">smugglers</a>, blockade-runners are often operated by states' navies as part of the regular fleet; states having operated them include the <a href="Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> during the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and Germany during the <a href="World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_history">In history</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece,_Peloponnesian_War">Ancient Greece, Peloponnesian War</h3></div>

<p>There were numerous blockades and attempts at blockade running during the <a href="Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. With his fleet blockaded, <a href="Leon_of_Salamis" title="Leon of Salamis">Leon of Salamis</a> dispatched blockade runners to seek reinforcements from Athens.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome,_Punic_Wars">Ancient Rome, Punic Wars</h3></div>

<p>During the <a href="Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, the <a href="Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">Carthaginian Empire</a> attempted to evade <a href="Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman navy</a> blockades of its ports and strongholds. At one point, blockade runners brought in the only food reaching the city of <a href="Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_age">Middle age</h3></div>

<p>During the 14th century, while Queen <a href="Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I of Denmark</a>'s forces were besieging <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, the blockade runners who came to be known as the <a href="Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brotherhood</a> engaged in war at sea and shipped provisions to keep the city supplied.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h3></div>

<p>Blockade runners in the American Revolution eluded the British naval blockades in order to supply resources to the army. <a href="France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">French naval aid</a> was vital.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners of the American Civil War</a></div>

<p>During the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, blockade running became a major enterprise for the <a href="Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> due to the <a href="Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a> as part of the <a href="Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a> to cut off the Confederacy's overseas trade. Twelve major ports and approximately 3,500 miles of coastline along the Confederacy were patrolled by roughly 500 <a href="Union_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> ships.

</p><p>The <a href="United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> played a major role in Confederate blockade running. British merchants had conducted significant amounts of trade with the South prior to the war, and were suffering from the <a href="Lancashire_Cotton_Famine" title="Lancashire Cotton Famine">Lancashire Cotton Famine</a>. The <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> also controlled many of the neutral ports in the Caribbean, most notably <a href="The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a> and <a href="Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. In concert with Confederate interests, British investors ordered the construction of steamships that were longer, narrower and considerably faster than most of the conventional steamers guarding the American coastline, thus enabling them to outmaneuver and outrun blockaders. Among the more notable was the <a href="USS_Advance_(1862)" title="USS Advance (1862)">CSS Advance</a> that completed more than 20 successful runs through the Union blockade before being captured.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These vessels brought badly needed supplies, especially firearms, and <a href="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Blockade_runners" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Confederate mail</a>. The blockade played a major role in the Union's victory over the Confederate states, though historians have estimated the supplies brought by blockade runners to the Confederacy lengthened the duration of the war by up to two years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the American Civil War, Union warships had captured more than 1,100 blockade runners and had destroyed or run aground another 355.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Confederate_blockade_mail_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confederate_blockade_mail-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cretan_Revolt_(1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)</h3></div>

<p>Greek blockade runners supplied the Christians during the <a href="Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan revolt (1866–1869)</a>. Names of the ships include: <i>Arkadion</i> (named after the <a href="Arkadi_Monastery" title="Arkadi Monastery">Arkadi Monastery</a>, sunk by the Ottoman sloop-of-war <i>Izzedin</i> in August 1867);<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hydra</i>; <i>Panhellenion</i>; and <i>Enosis</i> (Unification), which was detained in Syros by <a href="Hobart_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobart Pasha">Hobart Pasha</a> in December 1868, just about the time the rebellion collapsed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition_era">Prohibition era</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a> and <a href="Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)</a></div>

<p>During World War I the <a href="Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, most notably Germany, were blockaded by the <a href="Entente_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente Powers">Entente Powers</a>. In particular the North Sea blockade made it nearly impossible for surface ships to leave Germany for the then neutral United States and other locations.

</p><p>The blockade was run with cargo submarines, also called <a href="Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">merchant submarines</a>, <i><a href="German_submarine_Deutschland" title="German submarine Deutschland">Deutschland</a></i> and <i><a href="German_submarine_Bremen" title="German submarine Bremen">Bremen</a></i>, which reached the then neutral United States.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <i>Marie</i> successfully ran the British North Sea blockade and docked, heavily damaged, in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now called <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>) on May 13, 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1917 Germany tried unsuccessfully to supply their forces in Africa by sending <a href="Zeppelin_LZ104" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeppelin LZ104">Zeppelin LZ104</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_blockade_runners">Axis blockade runners</h4></div>

<p>On the outbreak of war, the Royal Navy imposed a <a href="Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)">naval blockade of Germany</a>. The fall of France provided the German occupying forces with access to the French Atlantic coast and between 1940 and 1942, many blockade running trips succeeded in delivering cargoes of critical war supplies - especially crude rubber - through the port of Bordeaux; a trade that increased with the entry of Japan into the war in December 1941. Allied attempts to disrupt these operations initially had only a limited effect; as in <a href="Operation_Frankton" title="Operation Frankton">Operation Frankton</a>. From 1943 improved Allied air superiority over the Bay of Biscay rendered blockade running by surface ships effectively impossible. By some counts, during the war Germans sent 32 (surface) blockade runners to Japan, only 16 of them reaching their destination. Later in the war, most of the trade between Germany and Japan was by cargo submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey581_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey581-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Italian ships, interned in Spain after Italy entered the war in June 1940, crossed the <a href="Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> to <a href="Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> and some of them, such as <i><a href="SS_Fidelitas" title="SS Fidelitas">Fidelitas</a></i> and <i>Eugenio C</i>, dashed through the <a href="English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> bound for Germany and Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To transfer technology to Imperial Japan, on 25 March 1945 Nazi Germany dispatched a submarine, <a href="German_submarine_U-234" title="German submarine U-234"><i>U-234</i></a>, to sail to Japan. Germany surrendered before it arrived. The Japanese submarine <i><a href="Japanese_submarine_I-8" title="Japanese submarine I-8">I-8</a></i> completed a similar mission.

</p><p>The German ship <i>Ramses</i> was in China when the war started. On Nov. 23, 1942, she attempted to sail from Batavia (now <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>), to Bordeaux with a cargo of rubber. The hope was that maintaining a sharp 24-hour lookout they could evade the Allied blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="HMAS_Adelaide_(1918)" title="HMAS Adelaide (1918)">HMAS <i>Adelaide</i> (1918)</a> caught and sank her.

</p><p>A small number of planes succeeded in flying between the Axis-controlled Europe and the Japanese-controlled parts of Asia. The first known flight was by an Italian <a href="Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.75">Savoia-Marchetti SM.75</a> <i>Marsupiale</i>, which <a href="Savoia-Marchetti_SM.75" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.75">flew in July 1942</a>, according to various sources, either from <a href="Zaporozhye" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporozhye">Zaporozhye</a> to <a href="Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a> or from <a href="Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> Island to <a href="Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey581_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey581-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, German <a href="Junkers_Ju_290" title="Junkers Ju 290">Junkers Ju 290</a>-A aircraft prepared for (or, according to some sources, completed) <a href="Junkers_Ju_290#Flights_to_Japan" title="Junkers Ju 290">similar flights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey581_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey581-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied_blockade_runners">Allied blockade runners</h4></div>

<p>During World War II, trade between Sweden (which remained neutral throughout the war) and Britain was severely curtailed by the German blockade of the <a href="Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark. In order to import vital <i>materiel</i> from Sweden, such as <a href="Ball_bearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball bearings">ball bearings</a> for the British aircraft industry, five <a href="Motor_Gun_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Gun Boat">Motor Gun Boats</a>, such as the <a href="HMS_Gay_Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Gay Viking"><i>Gay Viking</i></a>, were converted into blockade runners, using winter darkness and high speed to penetrate the German maritime blockade. Larger Norwegian ships succeeded in escaping through the blockade to Britain in <a href="Operation_Rubble" title="Operation Rubble">Operation Rubble</a> but later attempts failed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div>

<p>In modern times, tracking equipment such as radar, sonar, and reconnaissance satellites make evading a total blockade by a world power nearly impossible. Drug smugglers and groups like the <a href="Tamil_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Tigers">Tamil Tigers</a> are able to run blockades due to the partial nature of the blockade, or because the navy imposing the blockade is weak and under-equipped. Reminiscent of earlier German attempts, drug smugglers have used <a href="Semi-submersible_naval_vessel" title="Semi-submersible naval vessel">semi-submersibles</a> (<a href="Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">narco-submarines</a>) in their smuggling operations.

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<ul><li><a href="Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners of the American Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Blockade_runners" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States § Blockade runners</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ships_captured_in_the_19th_century#American_Civil_War" title="List of ships captured in the 19th century">List of ships captured in the 19th century § American Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge (logistics)</a>, the route and means of delivering material by an <a href="Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a>, sometimes across blockades</li>

<li><a href="Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a>, first invented for blockade running in World War I</li>

<li><a href="Hobart_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobart Pasha">Hobart Pasha</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_overseas_trade_during_World_War_II" title="Swedish overseas trade during World War II">Swedish overseas trade during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Tantive_IV" title="Tantive IV">Tantive IV</a>, fictional spaceship in the <i><a href="Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> film series, referred to as a blockade runner</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kern, Paul Bentley: <i>Ancient siege warfare (p. 294)</i></span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122084732/http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hamilcar/hamilcar2.html">"Hamilcar Barca - Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hamilcar/hamilcar2.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wyllie3">Wyllie, 2007</a> p.22</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Keys2014" class="citation news cs1">David Keys (24 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html">"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years"</a>. <i><a href="The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hendren1933" class="citation web cs1">Paul Hendren (April 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933/april/confederate-blockade-runners">"The Confederate Blockade Runners"</a>. <a href="United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Scharf">Scharf, 1894</a> pp.479-480</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Confederate_blockade_mail-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confederate_blockade_mail_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715182220/http://www.rfrajola.com/blockade/blockade.htm">"Confederate blockade mail"</a>. Richard Frajola, philatelist and historian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfrajola.com/blockade/blockade.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Morning Post</i>, London. 5 September 1867 citing Official Ottoman report of the incident.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303050452/http://warandgame.wordpress.com/2008/02/21/german-u-boat-wwi-blockade-runners/">"German U-boat WWI Blockade Runners « War and Game"</a>. 3 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warandgame.wordpress.com/2008/02/21/german-u-boat-wwi-blockade-runners/">the original</a> on 3 March 2008.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1916/11/05/archives/survived-british-shells-german-blockade-runner-almost-a-sieve.html">"SURVIVED BRITISH SHELLS.; German Blockade Runner, Almost a Sieve, Sailed from Africa to Java"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 5 November 1916 – via NYTimes.com.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-harvey581-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvey581_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvey581_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvey581_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1992" class="citation cs2">Harvey, A. D. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah4cfjAHMm0C&pg=PA581"><i>Collision of Empires: Britain in Three World Wars, 1793–1945</i></a>, Continuum, pp. <span class="nowrap">581–</span>582, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1852850787</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNotarangelo1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Notarangelo, Rolando (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.casd.difesa.it/Document.htm&numrec=031964357914610"><i>Navi mercantili perdute</i></a> (in Italian). Roma: Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare. p. 185.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notarangelo (1977), p. 176</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahoy.tk-jk.net/macslog/BlockadeRunner.html">"Ahoy - Mac's Web Log - Blockade Runner Ramses"</a>. <i>ahoy.tk-jk.net</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Coker, P. C., III. Charleston's Maritime Heritage, 1670-1865: An Illustrated History</i>. Charleston, S.C.: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp.</li>

<li><cite id="Scharf" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Thomas_Scharf" title="John Thomas Scharf">Scharf, John Thomas</a> (1894). <i>History of the Confederate States navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel</i>. <br>Joseph McDonough, Albany, N.Y. p. 824. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-58544-152-X</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyconfeder01schagoog">Url1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924032779625#page/n7/mode/2up">Url2</a></li>

<li><cite id="Wyllie3" class="citation book cs1">Wyllie, Arthur (2007). <i>The Confederate States Navy</i>. <br>Lulu.com. p. 466. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-615-17222-4</bdi>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk9qsEI4XpAC">Url1</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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